عِلْمُ النَّحْوا (Arabic Grammar) - Lesson: 2

بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم

ٌاِسْم (Noun): It gives meaning on its own and is not connected to any of three tenses; present, past, future. For eg.قَلَمٌ (a pen), فَرَسٌ (a horse), بَیْتٌ (a house).

There are three types of noun:

1. جَامِدٌ (Primary Noun): It is neither derived from another word nor is any word derived from it. e.g. فَرَسٌ (horse), بِنْتٌ (girl).
2. مَصْدَرٌ (Root Noun): From which many words can be derived. e.g. ضَرْبٌ (to hit), نَصْرٌ (to help).
3. مُشْتَقٌ (Derived Noun): Which is derived from مصدر. e.g. ضَارِبٌ (hitter), مَنْصُوْرٌ (helped).

فِعْلٌ (Verb): It gives meaning on its own and is also connected to any of three tenses. For e.g. سَمِعَ (He heard), نَصَرَ (He helped), کَتَبَ (He wrote).

There are four types of verb:

1. اَلْمَاضِیْ (Past Tense): Event which occurred in the past. e.g. ضَرَبَ (He hit)
2. اَلْمُضَارِعُ (Present & Future): Event which can occur in present or future. e.g. یَضْرِبُ (He is hitting or will hit)
3. اَلْاَمْرُ (Positive Command/Imperative): Giving command to do something. e.g. اِضْرِبْ (Hit!)
4. اَلنَّھْیُ (Negative Command/Prohibitive): Negating the command. e.g. لَا تَضْرِبْ (Don't hit!)

Note: مَا is used for past tense negation and لَا is used for present/future tense negation.

حَرْفٌ (Particle): It cannot give meaning on its own. In otherwords, its dependent on other words either اِسْم or فِعْل to be meaningful. For e.g. لِ (for), وَ (by), بِ (with). To make it meaningful we can use them like کَتَبْتُ بِالْقَلَمِ (wrote with pen), وَاللَّہ (by Allah), رَجُلِ (for male)

There are two types of particle:

1. عَامِلٌ (Causative Particle): A governing word or letter (حرف) which causes اِعْرَاب to change in the word after it if it have a governing word before it or in the last letter of the word if it begins with a governing letter. e.g. زَیْدٌ فِی الْمَسْجِدِ - here فِی is عامل and it causes the اعراب on last letter of the word after it, د to have kasrah. بِسْمِ اللَّہ - here بِ is a governing حرف which causes its last letter م to have kasrah on it.
2. غَیْرُ الْعَامِلِ (Non-Causative Particle): A governing word or letter (حرف) which does not cause اعراب to change in the word. e.g. ثُمَّ (then), وَ (and).